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What is theoretical framework?



Theoretical Framework

Theoretical framework in research provides the foundation for understanding the research problem, guiding data collection and analysis, and interpreting the study's findings. It is essentially a set of interrelated theories, models, and concepts that outline key ideas relevant to the research topic, offering insights into how the topic functions or is likely to function. Here’s a detailed look at theoretical frameworks in research:

Purpose of a Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework serves as a lens through which the research is viewed and analyzed, helping researchers:

  • Define Key Variables: Identify and operationalize the variables in the study, which are informed by the selected theories.
  • Guide Hypotheses or Research Questions: Ensure that research questions or hypotheses are aligned with established theories and concepts.
  • Shape Methodology: Influence the selection of research design, data collection, and analysis methods based on theoretical principles.
  • Interpret Findings: Provide a context for understanding the significance of findings in relation to existing knowledge.

Components of a Theoretical Framework

A well-developed theoretical framework typically includes:

  • Relevant Theories: Identify and discuss existing theories that are most relevant to the research topic. For example, if studying media influence, theories like the Agenda-Setting Theory or Cultivation Theory may be relevant.
  • Key Concepts and Constructs: Define major concepts and constructs that emerge from these theories. For instance, in a study on social media influence, "peer pressure" or "social comparison" might be key constructs.
  • Relationships Between Variables: Articulate hypothesized relationships among variables based on the theoretical assumptions. For example, a framework might posit that "social comparison on social media (independent variable) is positively related to body image dissatisfaction (dependent variable)."
  • Assumptions: Outline assumptions made in applying these theories to the specific research question. These may include the scope, context, or populations that the theory addresses.

Selecting a Theoretical Framework

The selection of a theoretical framework is guided by:

  • The Research Problem: Choose theories that directly relate to the problem or topic being studied.
  • Existing Literature: Identify theories that have been used in previous studies on similar topics. Reviewing the literature can reveal commonly used frameworks and demonstrate how they have been applied.
  • Scope of Research: Consider the depth and focus of the research, as some frameworks may be better suited for broader or narrower inquiries.
  • Relevance and Applicability: Ensure that the theoretical framework can be reasonably applied to the specific population, setting, or context of the research.

Types of Theories Commonly Used in Theoretical Frameworks

  • Social and Behavioural Theories: Explain human behaviors and social interactions. Examples include Social Cognitive Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Social Exchange Theory.
  • Psychological Theories: Explore individual thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Theories like Self-Determination Theory or Cognitive Dissonance Theory are often used in studies of motivation and behavior change.
  • Communication Theories: Focus on how information is transmitted and perceived. Agenda-Setting Theory, Uses and Gratifications Theory, and Diffusion of Innovations Theory are common in media and communication research.
  • Organisational and Management Theories: Used in studies of organisational behavior and culture, such as Transformational Leadership Theory and Systems Theory.

Developing a Theoretical Framework

To create a theoretical framework:

  1. Identify the Problem and Research Objectives: Clarify what the study seeks to accomplish and identify the main variables or phenomena under investigation.
  2. Review Relevant Literature: Conduct a comprehensive literature review to find existing theories and frameworks that align with the study’s objectives.
  3. Select Theories and Concepts: Choose relevant theories, models, and concepts that will best explain or predict the relationships between variables.
  4. Define and Explain Relationships: Articulate how these theories suggest specific relationships among variables, using diagrams if helpful.
  5. Justify the Framework: Explain why the chosen theories and concepts are suitable for addressing the research questions or hypotheses.

Example of a Theoretical Framework

Imagine a study investigating the impact of social media on self-esteem among teenagers:

  • Selected Theories: Social Comparison Theory and Self-Determination Theory
  • Key Concepts: Social comparison, intrinsic motivation, and self-worth.
  • Hypothesized Relationships: Based on Social Comparison Theory, the framework posits that teenagers who frequently compare themselves to others on social media may experience lower self-esteem. According to Self-Determination Theory, the framework might suggest that social media reduces intrinsic motivation by fostering external validation.
  • Assumptions: Assumes that social media platforms promote comparisons by showcasing idealized representations of users, potentially impacting self-esteem.

Importance of the Theoretical Framework

  • Grounding Research in Theory: The framework anchors the study within an established body of knowledge, enhancing its credibility.
  • Providing a Basis for Hypothesis Testing: It offers clear, theoretically grounded expectations about relationships among variables.
  • Guiding Interpretation: By providing theoretical explanations, the framework aids in interpreting findings and understanding their broader implications.
  • Facilitating Comparison and Generalisation: The use of widely recognized theories allows comparisons with other studies and generalizations across contexts.

A theoretical framework is indispensable in research as it provides clarity, structure, and rigor to the study. It supports the researcher’s understanding of the topic and ensures that the study’s approach, design, and findings are coherent and meaningful within the field.

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